The combination of certain genres don’t work for me. In this case the Old West connecting with horror, specifically in the form of cowboys combined with zombies, vampires, and other horror icons, but apparently they work for some people and have become the focus of academic consideration. Following is a call for papers from the Popular Culture Association and American Culture Association on the topic:
Call for Papers: Undead in the West
PCA/ACA National Conference
March 31-April 3, 2010
St. Louis, Missouri
Deadline: December 1, 2009
Co-presenters are being sought for a panel on the “Undead in the West,” as part of the Westerns and the West area at the PCAs.
The frontier has long been framed as a landscape of life and death, but few scholarly works have ventured into the realm where the two become one, to explore portrayals of the Undead in the West – the zombies, vampires, mummies, and others that have lumbered, crept, shambled, and swooped into the Western from other genres. This sub-genre, while largely a post-1990 phenomenon, traces it roots to much deeper hybrid traditions of Westerns and horror or science fiction, and yet, shows ties to the recent A-Western renaissance. What happens when traditional frontier figures, settings, symbols, and ideologies encounter these characters that defy the laws of nature? How are Western archetypes subverted or accentuated when confronted by the undead? How do zombies, vampires, and the like, affect our understandings and interpretations of the West, and vice-versa?
Might these hybrid Westerns function as the new anti-western, or do the undead facilitate a return to tradition?
Other possible issues include, bur are not limited to:
— Do vampires and zombies map on to traditional Western “bad guys,” such as Indians, Mexicans, and outlaws? Have zombies become a “safe” substitute for Indians as aliens have for foreign soldiers in stories of war and invasion?
— How do the conventions of the Western intersect with the conventions of the Undead movie . . . Do the movies play with either set of conventions for dramatic effect (James Woods’ character Jack Crow as a vampire-hunting version of Clint Eastwood’s amoral Western avengers) or comic relief (the zombie sheriff and prostitute in Deadwalkers)?
— Do undead Westerns consciously use the Undead elements of the plot to comment on the nature of traditional Western heroes and villains?
These questions and more may be asked of films of the Old West, or the new, such as Bubba Ho-tep (2002), when a Stetson-wearing mummy menaces a nursing home in the East Texas backwater; From Dusk ‘til Dawn (1996), when vampires prey on unsuspecting patrons of a Mexican bar; It Came From the West (2007), the puppet zombie Western from Denmark; or Purgatory (1999), where the frontier town of Refuge serves as liminal space between
heaven and hell; and numerous other tales of the Undead in the West.
Papers presented in “Undead in the West” at the PCAs may also be considered for a larger post-conference project.
Please send your 250-350- word abstract to both co-organizers, Cindy Miller (cymiller@tiac.net) and Bow Van Riper (bvanriper@bellsouth.net). Deadline for submissions is December 1, 2009.
Gallery Nucleus and Creature Features presents: October Shadows, Saturday, October 10. For the past two years, October Shadows has been known as Creature Features’ annual homage to the Halloween spirit. The exhibit and book by the same name will feature a prestigious group of artists from all facets of fine art, illustration, comics, film, TV, and animation, conjuring a wealth of imagery that explore the grotesque and the occult. See these links for the featured artists and samples of their work.
The exhibition will also give one the opportunity to pre-order the Creature Features book which features many of the artwork shown. See the full press release here.
Update: The event is this evening but several pieces are now available in a preview online for those who register. Below are a few select pieces.
Last weekend Zombieland hit theaters in its debut and went on to defy a recession diminished box office, and in the process earned critical praise. This comedy (which also includes elements of road-horror, teenage angst, and coming of age films) takes place in a post-apocalyptic world where a mutation of the swine flu virus has turned most of the human population into zombies. There are few human survivors, and as the film unfolds it brings together four of them who must learn not only how to navigate a world controlled by zombies, but also how to trust again in this environment where looking out for number one in a survival of the fittest seems the best response.
This film does include a bit of depth for those willing to probe below the comedic surface, just as other zombie films, horrorific and comedic, have done before. Within the context of late modern apocalyptic Zombieland presents the struggle of individuals to rise above their distrust of others and their stance of American rugged individualism on steroids in order to embrace some form of friendship, community, and family. The end of the film includes a voice over narration that concludes that some of this has been realized, however imperfectly in light of the circumstances.
Beyond these considerations Zombieland also includes zombie mayhem performed by humans including the idea of a “Zombie Kill of the Week.” Although I laughed at this idea as much as anyone else in the theater, it does raise frightening prospects. We might wonder whether the continued popularity of zombie films presents not only a forum for the social out workings of our angst over our mortality and the limitations of our flesh, but perhaps also (and disturbingly) a socially sanctioned forum for mayhem against other human beings. Granted humans kill and mutilate the dead returned to cannibalistic life in a form of self-preservation, but it must be remembered that the zombies were once human beings, and the ease with which we enjoy zombie kills raises questions about respect for the dead and the ease at which we create demonic “others” fit for destruction at our own hands. Similar concerns have been raised in regards to zombie kills in video games. But this was a comedy after all, even with the mayhem and zombies munching on the flesh of the living, so any deeper ideas within the film for reflection must be balanced against its intent to make the audience laugh.
In the opinion of this reviewer Zombieland belongs in the top three of quality zombie comedy-horror films along with Shaun of the Dead and the often neglected Fido.
TheoFantastique: Paul, thanks for coming back to talk about another book of yours. I enjoy your work. With this discussion we turn our attention to paranormal phenomenon, particularly psychic or psi. How did you come to develop an interest in this research and its connection to cinema?
Paul Meehan: Being an avid sci-fi/horror fan, I always had an active curiosity about the factual phenomena that inspired movies like Carrie, Poltergeist, The Entity, The Exorcist and Star Wars. I also became interested in the psychic realm through my research into UFOs, especially after reading Pulitzer-nominated journalist Howard Blum’s 1990 book on the subject, Out There, in which Blum revealed that the U.S. government operated a cadre of psychic spies who used ESP to obtain information about UFOs. Later in the decade, books like David Morehouse’s Psychic Warrior and Jim Schnabel’s Remote Viewers confirmed Blum’s account and provided new details about the government’s classified remote viewing project. The notion of using the mystery of psi to probe the enigma of UFOs fascinated me, as did the theories of psychic functioning that provided the conceptual framework for remote viewing.
TheoFantastique: In your discussion how are you defining the psychic realm?
Paul Meehan: I wanted to concentrate on films dealing with the field of “scientific parapsychology” that focuses on researching the four main aspects of psi: clairvoyance, precognition, telepathy, and psychokinesis. The first three are aspects of “extra-sensory perception” or ESP, while psychokinesis, or PK, the movement or manipulation of physical objects by the power of the mind, is a more elusive phenomenon that is not amenable to laboratory study and is primarily associated with spontaneous outbreaks of poltergeist activity (termed “recurring spontaneous psychokinesis or RSPK by researchers). These four phenomena define the areas of inquiry studied by most mainstream scientific parapsychologists, so I wanted to exclude movies that dealt with supernatural or metaphysical concepts such as ghosts, reincarnation, etc., and concentrate on films that explore the scientific paradigm of psi.
TheoFantastique: Most people might assume that the psychic is almost always found in horror, sci fi or fantasy, but you discuss other genres of film that have featured it. Can you describe these genres and give an example of a film with the psychic from within them?
Paul Meehan: Because psychic experiences frequently occur in the context of people’s everyday lives, there are a number of films that deal with psi within a dramatic framework, including Resurrection, Powder, Phenomenon, The Green Mile and Premonition. In these films the uncanny nature of the psychic realm is downplayed in favor of the dramatic interaction between the characters. Real-life psychics have also been involved (with mixed results) in solving murder cases, and this is reflected in crime melodramas involving ESP such as Man on a Swing, Manhunter, In Dreams and The Gift. The criminality of bogus psychics defrauding credulous believers is addressed in a number of crime melodramas, including Murder, My Sweet, Nightmare Alley, and The Amazing Mr. X, Seance on a Wet Afternoon and Family Plot. Psi has also been used as a fantasy element to enliven comedies like Ghostbusters, The Butcher’s Wife, Wilder Napalm and What Women Want, and children’s movies like Disney’s Witch Mountain series, Matilda and The Last Mimzy. For children, the idea of psi functions as an equalizer that allows them to defy the authority of the adult world. Ironically, the paranormal is shown in its most benign and positive light in screen comedies and kidvid.
TheoFantastique: How far back does the depiction of the psychic go in film?
Paul Meehan: The German silent horror classic The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) contains psychic motifs relating to hypnotic mind control and somnambulism. Fritz Lang’s Dr. Mabuse the Gambler (1922) featured a super-criminal with hypno-telepathic powers. In the early sound period John Barrymore played the title character in Svengali (1931), a musical impresario with the psychic ability to transform a nobody into a diva. Another early film was the British production The Clairvoyant (1935), starring Claude Rains as a tortured individual who is unhappily gifted with prescience. Peter Ibbetson (1935) was an unusual tale involving the psychic phenomenon of dream telepathy that starred Gary Cooper.
TheoFantastique: When your discussion moves to horror films and the psychic you mention the influence of Stephen King. How influential have his stories and their film adaptations been in forming cultural views about psi?
Paul Meehan: Aside from the Star Wars films, King’s fiction and movie adaptations have had perhaps the most profound influence on concepts of psi in our culture. The author has obviously done a bit of reading about parapsychology but his knowledge of this subject is not especially profound. King’s take on psi is naturally filtered through his perspective as a horror writer, which has resulted in a demonization of these phenomena that has been disseminated to a mass- market by King’s enormously popular books and movies. In screen adaptations of King’s work psi-enabled characters usually come to a horrible end. The telekinetic girl in Carrie “burns in Hell” after committing mass-murder upon her classmates because she has been provoked by her extreme humiliation, and later is murdered by her own mother. Psychics David Keith in Firestarter and Christopher Walken in The Dead Zone obtain their psi powers through drugs and a head injury respectively, and both of them develop brain tumors that are consuming them as a result of their becoming psychic. In these two films the psychics use their powers to cause positive political change, and Johnny Smith in The Dead Zone does use his clairvoyance to save lives and help people, but King’s portrayal of psi is largely a negative one and is connected with supernatural darkness, dread of the unknown, and morbidity. In his non-fiction book on horror, Danse Macabre, King states that he feels no need to maintain any factual fidelity to the psychic phenomena he exploits in his fiction.
TheoFantastique: For me, one of the most interesting parts of your discussion was that of The Exorcist. When I initially read this section I did so with great skepticism as to your classification and inclusion, but as I read on I was surprised to learn of the actual case, that of the Haunted Boy, upon which the film was based, and that it is better understood as a case of poltergeist activity rather than alleged demonic possession. Can you address this?
Paul Meehan: The Roman Catholic Church is extremely conservative in the matter of possession, and recognizes three stages in the process: obsession, which corresponds to poltergeist activity, infestation, in which the afflicted person’s body is directly affected, and possession, in which the afflicted demonstrates knowledge of hidden events, can tell the future, read minds and exhibits other superhuman abilities. In parapsychological terms, obsession and infestation correspond to poltergeist activity, while the true indicator of possession consists of manifestations of precognition, telepathy and clairvoyance. After the exorcism of the “Haunted Boy” (whose true identity has never been revealed to the public) in St. Louis in 1949, the Church conducted a thorough investigation of the event and concluded that it was not a genuine case of demonic possession because all of these conditions had not been met. Father Walter Halloran, who served as one of the exorcists, agrees, claiming that the Haunted Boy did not exhibit a fluency in foreign languages, predict future events or read minds, although the poltergeist manifestations were quite spectacular. Fr. Halloran is on record as saying, “I saw more evil in Vietnam than I saw in that hospital bed,” and an interview with Halloran appears on the special features DVD of the 2001 Showtime movie Possessed, which was also based on the Haunted Boy case. Father John Nicola, who worked as a technical consultant on The Exorcist, concurs with this evaluation, and famed parapsycholigist J.B. Rhine also studied the case and declared it to be a poltergeist event.
TheoFantastique: At the conclusion of your discussion of The Exorcist you reference the significance of the most influential horror film being based on a parapsychological event. Why do you think this is often missed?
Paul Meehan: After the conclusion of the Haunted Boy affair in 1949 the Church, wishing to avoid further publicity, suppressed all knowledge and documentation of the event. William Peter Blatty was mystified by an article about the exorcism that appeared in the Washington Post when he was a junior at Georgetown University studying for the priesthood, and using his connections within the Church, he managed to obtain a diary of the exorcism kept by the officiating priests. When the movie version of The Exorcist was released in 1973 there was a flurry of interest in the Haunted Boy case, but because information about the exorcism was still being suppressed by the Church, there was no new information to be revealed. Unlike later films such as The Amityville Horror or The Entity, The Exorcist was not marketed as being “based on a true story.” In 1974 Blatty published a paperback entitled William Peter Blatty on The Exorcist: From Novel to Film, which contained an account of the Haunted Boy affair, but for some reason this information never resonated with the public. There was a break in the case when the Alexian Brothers Hospital in St. Louis, where the exorcism had taken place, was being torn down in 1978. Inside a room in the psychiatric ward that had been kept locked since 1949, workmen found a carbon copy of the same diary that Blatty had used to write The Exorcist, making the facts of the case available to researchers for the first time. Considering all the hysteria and religious fervor that surrounded the original release of the film, its possible that the notion of the movie being based on a real-life event was just too psychologically disturbing and the culture tuned out to this knowledge en masse. A complete account of the Haunted Boy case can be found in Thomas B. Allen’s excellent 1993 book Possessed: The True Story of an Exorcism.
TheoFantastique: In your discussion you state that psi in horror films have blurred the distinction between the paranormal and supernatural. How is this so and how do you see them as distinct?
Paul Meehan: Horror films exploit the more sensational aspects of psi in order to scare the audience, therefore they tend to portray it as something weird and unnatural, an ability usually wielded by vampires, aliens and assorted human misfits for mind control and other evil, life- negating purposes. Psi is depicted as a fantastic, unearthly force that operates outside of natural laws in a separate reality populated by ghosts, gods, demons and other non-material creatures that stand outside of nature as we understand it and are therefore “supernatural.” Modern parapsychology considers psychic phenomena to be in the realm of the “preternatural,” that is, something that is part of the natural world that we have yet to understand but will someday be amenable to scientific analysis as our understanding grows. Psi researchers strive to demonstrate that psychic abilities are not abnormal faculties possessed only by unusual or abnormal people but are inherent abilities of the human mind and part of our everyday world.
TheoFantastique: How and when did science fiction alien films acquire the psi element?
Paul Meehan: Telepathic aliens had appeared in sci-fi pulp fiction during the 1930s and 40s and naturally gravitated to movie screens during the science fiction film wave of the 1950s. The psychic aspect of screen extraterrestrials was not as prevalent as I had originally supposed, however. Although a number of 50s-era saucer movies depicted UFOnauts with mind control powers, these mind-melds were frequently achieved using a ray or lamplike device, as in The Man from Planet X, This Island Earth and Earth vs. The Flying Saucers, using an implant in Invaders from Mars or by physically entering human bodies in Kronos and Enemy from Space. Aliens must create physical doubles of humans rather than controlling their minds in The Purple Monster Strikes, It Came from Outer Space, Invasion of the Body Snatchers and I Married a Monster from Outer Space. Telepathic ETs only appeared in a few minor sci-fi efforts that appeared late in the cycle like Killers from Space, The Brain from Planet Arous, Not of this Earth and The Space Children. When UFO abduction reports began to surface in the 1960s, abductees told of encountering telepathic aliens and this detail was attributed to the influence of science fiction, but the first depiction of Gray alien telepaths did not appear until the 1975 telefilm The UFO Incident, which was based on the famous Betty and Barney Hill abduction case from 1961. Of course, the best known alien in screen history, Spielberg’s E.T., was not only telepathic but used telekinesis as well. The most intriguing aspect of the alien/psychic connection are films in which psi-endowed humans go up against telepathic aliens in movies like Species and Starship Troopers, something that happened in real life when the U.S. government employed psychic remote viewers to use their ESP to try to penetrate the UFO mystery.
TheoFantastique: In your chapter on the psychic in sci-fi films you write: “While in the real world the paranormal is shunted aside into fringe areas of science and lurid supermarket tabloid headlines, in the universe of entertainment psychic themes have vast currency with film audiences.” Why do you think there is this dichotomy of psi reception in these spheres?
Paul Meehan: Film can confer an aura of unreality on fantastic subjects that audiences know are the product of special effects illusion and therefore not to be taken too seriously. Like the movies, the tabloids also exploit the more lurid and sensationalistic aspects of the paranormal. Mainstream scientists continue to turn up their collective noses at the concept of psi even though there is ample experimental evidence of its existence. Much of the anti-psi prejudice is the product of a Judeo-Christian religious mindset that connects the paranormal with notions of unholy sorcery (“Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live,” etc.), ungodliness and the Antichrist, as only God’s prophets and saviors are allowed to perform miracles. This spiritual angst is also exploited by moviemakers in films like Resurrection, Carrie and The Gift. These religious attitudes, held by some U.S. government officials, were partly responsible for the dismantling of the military psychic remote viewing program in the early 1990s. Beyond this, I think that the idea of psi is psychologically disturbing to many people who are afraid of getting their minds read or their fortunes foretold by individuals with mysterious powers of mind. On the other hand, movie audiences have no problems with being entertained by these same dread phenomena in a fantasy context.
TheoFantastique: Do you see a long and continued relationship between psi and cinema?
Paul Meehan: Psi has, to some extent, has replaced the concept of supernatural magic in our modern-day fairy tales as a vehicle of wonder. You might say that psi is magic transformed by science for the modern world. As such, it’s an endless source of inspiration for movie makers as evidenced in recent films like Push and Race to Witch Mountain. In these films, state of the art special effects make the paranormal world even more cinematic. The psychic realm will always hold a fascination for the human mind and will continue to entertain film audiences for a long time to come.
TheoFantastique: Paul, thanks again for your book and for discussing it here.
Paul Meehan: Thanks so much for giving me a forum to discuss my book.
As readers are aware, this blog is devoted to the exploration and enjoyment of various facets of the fantastic in pop culture. Most of the time I pursue in-depth exploration, and through this receive a level of enjoyment. Hopefully my readers do to0. But with this post analysis steps aside in order to enjoy a great piece of animation and music associated with the Halloween holiday. This cartoon is called “Midnight Dance,” and it represents an animated interpretation of Saint Saens’ “Danse Macabre” by award winning animator John McCloskey. The piece was produced by Raw Nerve.
After a year’s worth of anticipation, amped up slowly over the last few months, October is upon us, and with it, Halloween just around the corner. To begin the celebration I refer readers back to a few notable posts of the past related to the holiday.
First, is an interview with Jack Santino who has researched the history of Halloween. This is an interesting post that corrects much of the misunderstanding surrounding the origins and continuing evolution of the holiday. Read “Jack Santino: Halloween, Folklore, and Death Festivals” here.
Next up is another interesting interview, this one with an author of a book that addresses the collection of Halloween memorabilia. Read “Vintage Halloween Memorabilia: Mark Ledenbach Interview” here.
Then, consider Walt Disney’s impact upon the formation of America’s Halloween mythos in “Disney’s Contributions to Halloween Mythology” here.
Finally, one of the most popular posts last year, and surprisingly so, was one which listed a number of my favorite and formative Halloween animated classics. You can read about this in “Halloween Animation Offerings” here.
I recognize that with this post this brings the total to three that interact with the new film Surrogates, but given the wealth of material within it for cultural reflection I ask the reader’s patience as I explore a few other facets.
By way of background to the film, Surrogates presents a quasi-utopian world in the near future wherein robotics have advanced to the point where human beings can interface with and control them through neural activity. Whatever the robot experiences, whether sight, sound, smell or touch, the human being feels as direct and unmediated experience. In this way the robot becomes the surrogate for the human experience and the human being becomes the puppeteer. With this level of human/robotic synergy, and the limitations of the flesh transcended, new vistas in human play are opened up for people around the world.
This scenario is one that is not far removed from our present situation in the western world. Although robotics are nowhere near the complexity found in Surrogates, other expressions of digital technologies, such as multiplayer video games and online worlds such as Second Life (where digital avatar selves interact as opposed to the robotic ones in Surrogates), attract millions of people who spend great amounts of time in synthetic realms. Edward Castranova has written extensively about the various facets related to this phenomenon. He describes our present situation as one in which a “fun revolution” is taking place, and it is one with serious cultural ramifications. The title of one of Castranova’s books is telling in this regard: Exodus to the Virtual World: How Online Fun is Changing Reality (Palgrave Macmillan, 2007).
One aspect that Castranova explores in our increasing fascination with play in synthetic worlds is the economic implications and ramifications. As the author writes, “Time and attention are migrating from the real world into the viritual world.” This of necessity has economic ramifications both in the loss of time spent on wealth-generating activities, and also the transfer of “real world” economic activity to the synthetic realm.
Bringing these considerations back to Surrogates, we are presented with a world that seems to have found a balance in this area in that while the vast majority of humanity lives through their robotic surrogates, and many explore their fantasies in this way as well, yet economic activity and the maintenance of social order is maintained through surrogates as well. Bruce Willis’ character is an FBI agent who continues his investigative work, generating income and protecting society, only he does so through his robotic surrogate. Yet there is a change in the world as a result of surrogates as presented in the film in that crime has dropped dramatically. In fact, murder hasn’t taken place in many years, as a result of the great dependence upon surrogates, which makes the presence of murder directly related to surrogates all the more troubling for those investigating the killings in the case which make for the centerpiece of the film. We are led to believe in the film’s narrative that surrogates have provided a fantasy venue for humanity which has contributed to the decrease in crime. This may be one of the weaker points in the film in that human history has long promised that greater technology will make for better lives and society, yet we also know that technology not only empowers the more noble aspects of human nature, but also its darker aspects as well. A more balanced piece of speculative fiction would have not only considered the utopic possibilities of robotic surrogates, but would also have given greater attention to how it would also serve as a venue for crime. Denver criminal defense lawyer helps you in the criminal defense attorney, do visit.
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Related to this consideration, the military industrial complex is also addressed in the film. In this near future scenario the military has created robotic soldiers controlled by human soldiers who send their mechanical combatants to fight and die in their place. Given the worldwide presence of surrogates other nations of the earth must be doing this as well. Unfortunately, the film never explores the implications of robotic soldiers and war. By way of implication from the film’s treatment of surrogates and crime, perhaps this film would have us believe that such an environment would see less war between nations as well. If this deduction is correct I would disagree here as well. As yet another piece of science fiction illustrates through an episode of classic Star Trek (“A Taste of Armageddon”), sanitizing war through technology, while appealing in that it would be less “messy,” would likely remove much of what makes it so distasteful and would likely lead to more instances of and protracted warfare. After all, if we’re honest it’s body counts that impact societies and their commitments to war. Would we be less likely to commit to combat in a robotic utopian future, or would this in fact increase the likelihood in that the only losses would be those related to expensive robotics?
I know that I am far more cerebral in my reflection on science fiction than many, but this is one of the reasons why I find the genre so enjoyable. Beyond its exploration of futuristic crime and conspiracy Surrogates touches on topics that challenge the very real world of the 21st century.
My latest essay for Cinefantastique Online is now available, titled “SURROGATES: Sci-Fi Thriller’s Reflections on the Self and the Synthetic.” Here is an excerpt:
Although SURROGATES will likely not set great box office records, in my view the film is a significant one. Many times I build up great expectations based upon film trailers and storyline summaries, only to become somewhat disappointed when the film does not live up to its hype and my perhaps unrealistic hopes. Thankfully, this was not the case with SURROGATES. It presents a well written storyline that includes a good balance of drama, as relationships and tensions between characters are developed, and a good dose of action and crime drama to compliment these elements. When this is combined with the futuristic possibilities and questions posed by our relationship with technology, it makes for not only entertaining, but also thought provoking cinema as well.
From time to time Religion Dispatches includes articles and commentary that dovetail with the interests and perspectives of TheoFantastique. This was the case recently with an article by W. Scott Poole titled “Jennifer’s Body and Why I Like Buffy’s Body Better.” Poole situates Jennifer’s Body within the context of previous horror films that have incorporated a “raft of cultural baggage,” including Rosemary’s Baby and The Exorcist.
In the discussion Poole notes that Jennifer’s Body includes a subtle attempt “to sneak a feminist message into the cineplex, subverting the paradigm of horror films in which women are merely the shrieking victims of male violence.” But in consideration of this film Poole questions whether this goal has been accomplished. Poole argues:
I admire Cody’s effort, but am not sure she has subverted older paradigms as much as made them shiny and new with her irresistible narrative style. Indeed, the film could be read as a fairly simplistic rendering of women as the source of evil; tales that were born among ancient Mediterranean patriarchies, but have had a long and troubled history in the United States as well.
As Poole’s discussion continues, and as the title of the article indicates, he believes that Buffy the Vampire Slayer does a better job of of subverting religious and cultural paradigms:
Buffy’s seven seasons did more than simply reverse the formula that makes women the predators rather than the prey. Whedon and his writers and directors created a truly nuanced and complex hero, an archetypal figure in the same sense that Beowulf and Achilles represents the heroic. Rather than perform a parody of female identity (or simple revenge fantasy), Buffy instead embodied both the limitations of human ability and the struggles against darkness that are the price of transcendence.
Poole’s article is a reminder of the significance of horror films, not only as entertainment, but as vehicles for social and cultural commentary as well. See the complete article here.
In a previous post I provided some interaction with another commentator on the sci fi film District 9. Viewers and reviewers alike have noted its strong social commentary and critique of Aparthied, an irony in that the film has now become the object of international controversy for allegedly promoting national stereotypes.
Various news outlets are reporting that Nigerian officials take exception to the portrayal of Nigerians in the film as “gangsters and cannibals.” According to MSN Movie News, Nigerian “Information Minister Dora Akunyili has asked movie houses in the capital of Abuja to stop screening District 9 because the South Africa-based sci-fi movie about aliens and discrimination makes Nigerians look bad.” The piece goes on to say that Nigerian officials have asked Sony Entertainment for an apology, and to edit the film so as to remove the scenes with the Nigerians. In addition, critics have even started a blog devoted to the concerns called “Nigerians Offended by District 9.”
It is unfortunate that a film intended in part to combat racism and other social issues has become the focus of allegations concerning the perpetuation of stereotypes about citizens of a particular nation. But it is interesting to see how science fiction, allegedly escapist fare, has struck a nerve about very real issues related to the human condition.
The combination of certain genres don’t work for me. In this case the Old West connecting with horror, specifically in the form of cowboys combined with zombies, vampires, and other horror icons, but apparently they work for some people and have become the focus of academic consideration. Following is a call for papers from the Popular Culture Association and American Culture Association on the topic:
Gallery Nucleus and 
Last weekend Zombieland hit theaters in its debut and went on to defy a recession diminished box office, and in the process earned critical praise. This comedy (which also includes elements of road-horror, teenage angst, and coming of age films) takes place in a post-apocalyptic world where a mutation of the swine flu virus has turned most of the human population into zombies. There are few human survivors, and as the film unfolds it brings together four of them who must learn not only how to navigate a world controlled by zombies, but also how to trust again in this environment where looking out for number one in a survival of the fittest seems the best response.
Beyond these considerations Zombieland also includes zombie mayhem performed by humans including the idea of a “Zombie Kill of the Week.” Although I laughed at this idea as much as anyone else in the theater, it does raise frightening prospects. We might wonder whether the continued popularity of zombie films presents not only a forum for the social out workings of our angst over our mortality and the limitations of our flesh, but perhaps also (and disturbingly) a socially sanctioned forum for mayhem against other human beings. Granted humans kill and mutilate the dead returned to cannibalistic life in a form of self-preservation, but it must be remembered that the zombies were once human beings, and the ease with which we enjoy zombie kills raises questions about respect for the dead and the ease at which we create demonic “others” fit for destruction at our own hands. Similar concerns have been raised in regards to 
Paul Meehan is one of my favorite writers dealing with the fantastic in pop culture. He is the author of a number of books, including 
Paul Meehan: Because psychic experiences frequently occur in the context of people’s everyday lives, there are a number of films that deal with psi within a dramatic framework, including Resurrection, Powder, Phenomenon, The Green Mile and Premonition. In these films the uncanny nature of the psychic realm is downplayed in favor of the dramatic interaction between the characters. Real-life psychics have also been involved (with mixed results) in solving murder cases, and this is reflected in crime melodramas involving ESP such as Man on a Swing, Manhunter, In Dreams and The Gift. The criminality of bogus psychics defrauding credulous believers is addressed in a number of crime melodramas, including Murder, My Sweet, Nightmare Alley, and The Amazing Mr. X, Seance on a Wet Afternoon and Family Plot. Psi has also been used as a fantasy element to enliven comedies like Ghostbusters, The Butcher’s Wife, Wilder Napalm and What Women Want, and children’s movies like Disney’s Witch Mountain series, Matilda and The Last Mimzy. For children, the idea of psi functions as an equalizer that allows them to defy the authority of the adult world. Ironically, the paranormal is shown in its most benign and positive light in screen comedies and kidvid.
Paul Meehan: Aside from the Star Wars films, King’s fiction and movie adaptations have had perhaps the most profound influence on concepts of psi in our culture. The author has obviously done a bit of reading about parapsychology but his knowledge of this subject is not especially profound. King’s take on psi is naturally filtered through his perspective as a horror writer, which has resulted in a demonization of these phenomena that has been disseminated to a mass- market by King’s enormously popular books and movies. In screen adaptations of King’s work psi-enabled characters usually come to a horrible end. The telekinetic girl in Carrie “burns in Hell” after committing mass-murder upon her classmates because she has been provoked by her extreme humiliation, and later is murdered by her own mother. Psychics David Keith in Firestarter and Christopher Walken in The Dead Zone obtain their psi powers through drugs and a head injury respectively, and both of them develop brain tumors that are consuming them as a result of their becoming psychic. In these two films the psychics use their powers to cause positive political change, and Johnny Smith in The Dead Zone does use his clairvoyance to save lives and help people, but King’s portrayal of psi is largely a negative one and is connected with supernatural darkness, dread of the unknown, and morbidity. In his non-fiction book on horror, Danse Macabre, King states that he feels no need to maintain any factual fidelity to the psychic phenomena he exploits in his fiction.
Paul Meehan: The Roman Catholic Church is extremely conservative in the matter of possession, and recognizes three stages in the process: obsession, which corresponds to poltergeist activity, infestation, in which the afflicted person’s body is directly affected, and possession, in which the afflicted demonstrates knowledge of hidden events, can tell the future, read minds and exhibits other superhuman abilities. In parapsychological terms, obsession and infestation correspond to poltergeist activity, while the true indicator of possession consists of manifestations of precognition, telepathy and clairvoyance. After the exorcism of the “Haunted Boy” (whose true identity has never been revealed to the public) in St. Louis in 1949, the Church conducted a thorough investigation of the event and concluded that it was not a genuine case of demonic possession because all of these conditions had not been met. Father Walter Halloran, who served as one of the exorcists, agrees, claiming that the Haunted Boy did not exhibit a fluency in foreign languages, predict future events or read minds, although the poltergeist manifestations were quite spectacular. Fr. Halloran is on record as saying, “I saw more evil in Vietnam than I saw in that hospital bed,” and an interview with Halloran appears on the special features DVD of the 2001 Showtime movie Possessed, which was also based on the Haunted Boy case. Father John Nicola, who worked as a technical consultant on The Exorcist, concurs with this evaluation, and famed parapsycholigist J.B. Rhine also studied the case and declared it to be a poltergeist event. 
Paul Meehan: Telepathic aliens had appeared in sci-fi pulp fiction during the 1930s and 40s and naturally gravitated to movie screens during the science fiction film wave of the 1950s. The psychic aspect of screen extraterrestrials was not as prevalent as I had originally supposed, however. Although a number of 50s-era saucer movies depicted UFOnauts with mind control powers, these mind-melds were frequently achieved using a ray or lamplike device, as in The Man from Planet X, This Island Earth and Earth vs. The Flying Saucers, using an implant in Invaders from Mars or by physically entering human bodies in Kronos and Enemy from Space. Aliens must create physical doubles of humans rather than controlling their minds in The Purple Monster Strikes, It Came from Outer Space, Invasion of the Body Snatchers and I Married a Monster from Outer Space. Telepathic ETs only appeared in a few minor sci-fi efforts that appeared late in the cycle like Killers from Space, The Brain from Planet Arous, Not of this Earth and The Space Children. When UFO abduction reports began to surface in the 1960s, abductees told of encountering telepathic aliens and this detail was attributed to the influence of science fiction, but the first depiction of Gray alien telepaths did not appear until the 1975 telefilm The UFO Incident, which was based on the famous Betty and Barney Hill abduction case from 1961. Of course, the best known alien in screen history, Spielberg’s E.T., was not only telepathic but used telekinesis as well. The most intriguing aspect of the alien/psychic connection are films in which psi-endowed humans go up against telepathic aliens in movies like Species and Starship Troopers, something that happened in real life when the U.S. government employed psychic remote viewers to use their ESP to try to penetrate the UFO mystery. 
After a year’s worth of anticipation, amped up slowly over the last few months, October is upon us, and with it, Halloween just around the corner. To begin the celebration I refer readers back to a few notable posts of the past related to the holiday.
I recognize that with this post this brings the total to three that interact with the new film Surrogates, but given the wealth of material within it for cultural reflection I ask the reader’s patience as I explore a few other facets.
Bringing these considerations back to Surrogates, we are presented with a world that seems to have found a balance in this area in that while the vast majority of humanity lives through their robotic surrogates, and many explore their fantasies in this way as well, yet economic activity and the maintenance of social order is maintained through surrogates as well. Bruce Willis’ character is an FBI agent who continues his investigative work, generating income and protecting society, only he does so through his robotic surrogate. Yet there is a change in the world as a result of surrogates as presented in the film in that crime has dropped dramatically. In fact, murder hasn’t taken place in many years, as a result of the great dependence upon surrogates, which makes the presence of murder directly related to surrogates all the more troubling for those investigating the killings in the case which make for the centerpiece of the film. We are led to believe in the film’s narrative that surrogates have provided a fantasy venue for humanity which has contributed to the decrease in crime. This may be one of the weaker points in the film in that human history has long promised that greater technology will make for better lives and society, yet we also know that technology not only empowers the more noble aspects of human nature, but also its darker aspects as well. A more balanced piece of speculative fiction would have not only considered the utopic possibilities of robotic surrogates, but would also have given greater attention to how it would also serve as a venue for crime. 
My latest essay for 
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