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Pan’s Labyrinth: A Grand Fairy Tale and Key to the World of Wonder

When I heard late last year that film director Guillermo del Toro had created a dark fairy tale, titled Pan’s Labyrinth in its international distribution, a film which he not only directed but wrote the story for, I couldn’t wait to see it. However, this involved a problem for me. While I am a fan of such things, much of my family is not. (My youngest son will watch a few horror and science fiction movies with me, but this is not the case with my wife and daughter.) Not wanting to watch the film by myself I had to wait until the film was released on DVD. That patient waiting ended this week when I was able to rent the DVD and watch the film Tuesday night.

I have posted on this film previously, but only in making comments on how this film has resonated with many in the Neo-Pagan community, and how it draws upon myth and archetype in popular culture. In this post I’d like to provide some of my own thoughts on the film, and as I do I will interact with some of the commentary on the film on the Internet.

I begin with the only appropriate place in such an analysis, and that is with the film itself taken on its own terms as it tells its story. Pan’s Labyrinth is a story that takes place against the backdrop of fascist Spain in 1944. The movie begins much like any children’s fairy tale with the opening narration that describes a princess of the Underworld who has forgotten who she is and may reincarnate into human form. The audience is then introduced to Ofelia, a little girl with a great love for fairy tales. She and her pregnant mother are traveling to meet Vidal, their new stepfather and husband, the brutal Captain of a fascist militia. But along the way, as their travel takes a brief pause along a roadside, Ofelia discovers an ancient carving out of which comes a large insect that at first frightens her, but then quickly captures her interest. This introduction sets the stage for a parallel tale of two worlds through which Ofelia must navigate, the violent world of fascist Spain and her stepfather’s evil, and the world of fairytale involving a faun, fairies, and a mysterious labyrinth.

I won’t provide more of the storyline for those who have yet to see it, but as I watched the film I had several differing impressions. The first was a sense of marvel and wonder at the fantasy world that del Toro created for Ofeila to explore. The look and “feel” of this world reminded me of many fairy tales I have heard myself, and it resembled the best of them created in film through the years. I also felt great empathy and sympathy for Ofelia: empathy in her love for fair ytales and the unseen, and sympathy for her as she struggled to come to terms with the evil and inhumanity that surrounded her. This is a great film that can be enjoyed on any number of levels, and these demonstrate why it won three Academy Awards, although it should have received an award for del Toro’s screenplay.

Prior to viewing the film I had not ready any commentary on it, other than a few thoughts expressed on Neo-Pagan blogs. I wanted to stay away from other viewpoints until I had seen the film myself and had a chance to develop my own impressions before writing down some commentary. Having seen the film I then did some Internet research and the following represents my own thoughts in interaction with those of others.

First, it is interesting to note that the film received general positive acclaim from critics. This is a notable achievement in light of the film’s genre and that it is a Spanish film with English subtitles. Perhaps even more surprising is that the film has been well received by those from differing religious and spiritual traditions, the film receiving praise from both Neo-Pagan blogs like The Wild Hunt, and Christianity Today magazine. (Thankfully, I was only able to find one reactionary Christian perspective on the film that linked it to Satanism and pedophilia!) But the differing interpretations of the film lead to my second commentary topic.

An interesting article in the San Francisco Chronicle commented on how this film has been embraced by many from differing religions. The article states that the film “is not explicit about its images, prompting Christians, pagans and others to claim the movie as a parable about their own beliefs.” With the differing opinions surfacing as to the proper way to interpret the film, where can we turn for interpretive insights? The appropriate starting place is with the film itself, and del Toro who wrote and directed the film, before moving to subjective possibilities and applications.

National Public Radio’s Fresh Air program did an interesting interview with del Toro that sheds light on a number of facets of this film, including its interpretation(s). In the interview del Toro acknowledges that the story lends itself to multiple interpretations. A review of various media treatments of the film demonstrates two differing interpretations, with the first and most dominant one seeing Ofelia’s fairytale world as subjective escapism from the harsh realities of her life with her stepfather. Another interpretation understand the fairytale realm to be real, but that only those with a special gift like Ofelia can see and access it. The film provides for both interpretative possibilities. For example near the end of the film as Ofelia flees from her stepfather into the labyrinth, he eventually catches up with her and sees her having a dialogue with the faun, but he cannot see the faun. This might lead to the interpretation that the fairy tale only exists subjectively in the mind of Ofelia. However, just moments before this the labyrinth opens magically for Ofelia to provide a temporary means of escape that forces Captain Vidal to find another pathway to find Ofelia. This lends itself to the interpretation that Ofelia’s fantasy world is real, but that only she has the ability to see and interact with it. While both interpretations are possible, other clues in the film lend themselves to the latter being the best interpretation, such as the magical chalk door drawn by Ofelia that is visible to Mercedes. Del Toro has commented in a Twitch interview that this and other clues point toward the reality of the fantasy world.

Beyond the consideration of elements within the film it is helpful to consider del Toro’s perspective. In the NPR interview he states that “I believe her tale not to be just a reflection from the world around her, but, to me, she really turns into the princess.” These interpretive considerations are significant in that the significance and reality of an unseen fantasy and magical realm as connected with the contemporary spiritual quest in the Western world seems to be at odds with lingering skeptical views that understand such things as mere subjective escapism, a psychological projection or Noble Lie for the weak-minded who cannot deal with the harsh realities of life. Del Toro seems to disagree with such interpretations, and there are many others who would agree with him.

This leads to consideration of the best interpretation of the framework of Ofelia’s fantasy world. Is it best understood as reflecting Neo-Paganism or Christian influences? This question is important not only in light of the differing interpretations that have been put forward, but also in light of the unfortunate tendency for Christians to read Christian ideas and motifs into films. Del Toro provides the definitive answer to this question in an interview he gave to GreenCine:

GreenCine: She [Ofelia] has a pantheist view of the world.

del Toro: It’s completely pagan. She reflects nothing more and nothing less than the way I viewed the world as a kid. I was brought up Catholic but my personal cosmology was completely pagan.

Green Cine: How do you explain that?

del Toro: I have no idea, but I think it has a lot to do with the fact that Mexico and Spain have a certain view of life that is similar in the sense that they have death, brutality, the nature – you know, you live with them and you embrace them in a different way than First World countries would. With syncretism in Latin America, you can embrace a religion by mixing it with your own gods. And then, there’s a lot of Celtic culture in the north of Spain, and there are a lot of beautiful pagan legends in Galicia, and in Asturias and in all those places. They combine them with the Catholic religion very cleanly.

From these comments it is clear that Ofelia’s fairytale world reflects a Pagan background, and while there may be elements to the story that find common ground with Christianity, it is inappropriate to view the film as a Christian parable. These comments, along with statements made by del Toro in his NPR interview, are also interesting in that they shed light not only on the film, but also on the writer and director’s own views on fantasy and spirituality. A portion of the interview is heart-wrenching as del Toro describes growing up with a stern Catholic grandmother who saw his identification with monsters and fairy tales as somehow demonic. These experiences, coupled with his work in a morgue, the kidnapping of his father, and his reflections on the Spanish Civil War, all shaped his negative views of Catholicism and organized religion, so much so that in the interview he says he had to jettison the belief that there was an ordering Being beyond the universe and that as a result “we are all on our own.” As I listened to this interview two things struck me. First, it was a reminder of the significance of our social location and life experiences in shaping our perspectives on life, religion, and spirituality. Second, I wonder how del Toro’s grandmother might have been shaped differently had she been able to experience and embrace the “baptized imagination” of other Catholics like J. R. R. Tolkien?

Del Toro also made another set of interesting comments in the NPR interview. As he reflected on his stern Catholic upbringing he commented on “accepting Jesus into our hearts,” but also talked about his “accepting monsters into his heart” as an imaginative young boy. Del Toro discusses this in almost dichotomous fashion, wherein we accept monsters and fairy tales to explain reality as children but are then expected to jettison such beliefs in favor or religion as we get older. In del Toro’s life he eventually abandoned his Catholic beliefs in a return to monsters and fairy tales which he sees as saving his sanity, but what about those of us who don’t see this as a dichotomy and maintain both aspects of faith and spiritual vision? While I recognize that many Christians and institutions within Christendom have done some very evil things, I make a distinction between them and the teachings, example, and spiritual pathway of Jesus. For me Jesus represents a viable and vibrant spirituality for the twenty-first century. But in a sense not only have I “accepted Jesus into my heart,” I have also “accepted monsters into my heart.” By this I mean that I also maintain a sense of awe, wonder, mystery, and imagination that is symbolized by fairy tales and monsters, and this co-exists quite easily with the spiritual pathway of Jesus. Tolkien, Lewis, and others experienced the same kind of faith, so perhaps my views are not so off the beaten path, even though there may not be many Christians who balance these two elements.

Finally, I resonated with comments made by Jason Pitzl-Watters on his blog The Wild Hunt in connection with this film. He says, “I believe “Pan’s Labyrinth” presents a unique opportunity to discuss Pagan/polytheist theology in contrast to the dominant monotheisms.” I agree wholeheartedly, and I believe that given the influence of popular culture in shaping our views on life and spirituality, and the strong resonance of genres and aspects of film with various religious and spiritual communities that they can serve as bridges and forums for the discussion of important issues. Latter-day Saint cosmology has strong affinities with science fiction and fantasy, and Jason notes the affinities between Paganism and fantasy films like Pan’s Labyrinth. For these reasons I’d like to work cooperatively with like-minded representatives of various faith traditions to put together conferences on spirituality and film in order to discuss our common enjoyment of these films as well as our spiritualities.

With Pan’s Labryinth Guillermo del Toro has made a significant contribution to fantasy, fairytales, and folklore. Although some of the adults surrounding Ofelia deride fairy tales and say “You’re too old to be filling your head with such nonsense,” I hope our new century finds more adults engaging fairy tales as they embrace the imagination. Through this film del Toro has provided us with a key that opens up a new world of wonder that can begin this journey.

Christianity and Horror Redux: From Knee-Jerk Revulsion to Critical Engagement

Some of the more interesting responses I get to the inclusion of my interests in horror, science fiction, and fantasy in my Blogger profile are disgust and concern from evangelical and fundamentalist Protestants. Some have labeled such interests “macabre,” and others have wondered how someone professing a commitment to Christian spirituality could enjoy such things.

While I have touched on this in passing in previous posts, I thought I would use my participation in a “synchroblog” on Christianity and film to share a few thoughts specifically addressing this topic.

Soon after my embrace of Christianity I felt as if I had to dispose of my sci fi and fantasy memorabilia collection and move beyond my interests in these genres. After all, the conservative faith community I was involved with said this was the Christian thing to do. Only many years later did I discover other Christians who enjoyed and embraced such things, but many of us were hesitant to share such interests with other Christians.

Why do many Christians have such concerns with horror? In venturing an answer to this question I recall the comments of Bryan Stone of Boston University School of Theology in an article he wrote titled “The Sanctification of Fear: Images of the Religious in Horror Films” for The Journal of Religion and Film. In his discussion of religion as it relates to horror he wrote, “Other than pornography, horror is the film genre least amenable to religious sensibilities. It offends, disgusts, frightens, and features the profane, often in gruesome and ghastly proportions.” But after listing these reasons why many religious people take exception to horror he continues and states:

“Yet, from the earliest Faustian dramas to vampire legends and accounts of demon-possession to more recent apocalyptic nightmares, horror films have tended to rely heavily on religious themes, symbols, rituals, persons, and places. That is, of course, due (at least in part) to the fact that many of the cultural themes of horror films overlap with traditionally religious concerns (or at least Western religious concerns) such as sin and redemption, life after death, the struggle between evil and good, or the presence of the supernatural.”

But if horror provokes a negative reaction on the part of many religious people, particularly Christians of the Protestant branch of Christendom, but horror films also touch in many ways on religious concerns, how might the negative reactions be explained? I’d like to offer a few suggestions as possibilities.

First, in my opinion evangelicalism still has a long way to go in developing a largely positive interaction with aspects of popular culture, particularly film, and most notably certain genres such as horror. I think the modes of engagement still tends toward avoidance and caution rather than dialogue and critical engagement (to use some of Robert Johnston’s typology in his book reel spirituality).

Second, the horror genre, along with science fiction and fantasy, are not, in general, taken as seriously as other genres of film. Even though these genres have produced some of the highest grossing films in history (as Jaws, E.T. and Star Wars indicate), they still tend to represent marginalized genres, particularly for evangelicals.

Third, in my view Western Protestantism suffers from a lack of a sacred or sacramentalized view of the imagination as an expression of the image of God. Theologies of the fall result in a view the imagination as suspect, and the emphasis is placed on rationality rather than creativity and imagination. This leads to a lack of appreciation for genres of film that thrive in an environment of imagination and an overemphasis on negative aspects associated with the imagination to the neglect of positive considerations.

Fourth, many Christians hold to a caricature of occultism or Western esotericism, and Neo-Paganism that are then equated with horror and other cultural phenomena like Halloween or the Mexican Dia de los Muertos celebration. Little if any solid connections are made and the resulting views then become a source of folk knowledge and “common sense” thinking that is rarely questioned.

Fifth, I believe the dominant position of Christianity in the West in the past has contributed to a lack of an ability to think empathetically, objectively, and carefully about other perspectives assumed to be outside of the circle of Christendom. As Lint Hatcher stated in his interview on this blog, the attitude is “shoot first and ask questions later,” and many times no questions are asked later. The shooting is done, the “evil” target is eradicated, no questions are necessary. Thus, the eradication of perceived cultural threats such as horror, equated with the decay of culture rather than an indicator of the continuing interest in the spiritual, is fueled by the increasing marginalization of Christianity in the West.

Sixth, as a result of the equation between horror and “the occult” many Protestant evangelicals and fundamentalists hold to a simplistic and unreflective theology that boils down to little more than the practice of citing various biblical texts that touch on cultural contamination and divination (selectively cited) as evidence that Christianity and horror are not compatible. None of the texts that are cited are revisited in their original contexts, nor are they re-engaged as part of a broader theology of cultural engagement. This unfortunate situation seems to indicate that evangelicals lack theological depth in a creation theology, a pneumatolology that connects the Spirit to creation and all of life, a lack of a theology of fantasy and imagination, and a deficient thanatology.

Seventh, related to the last theological item mentioned above, I believe one of the reasons why Christians find horror so disconcerting is that they have a difficult time interacting with a genre where death and bodily mortification are major features. Perhaps this indicates a subtle form of neo-gnosticism in evangelical attitudes.

It will come as no surprise that I belive this view, while popular in evangelical circles, is problematic. As noted in the quote from Bryan Stone above, some of the major issues related to horror and religion overlap each other, and as a result, this makes horror (and the related genres of science fiction and fantasy) ideal vehicles for the exploration of religious and spiritual concerns. This was echoed by Christian filmmaker Scott Derrickson in connection with his film The Exorcism of Emily Rose. As he said in an interview for Christianity Today:

“In my opinion, the horror genre is a perfect genre for Christians to be involved with. I think the more compelling question is, Why do so many Christians find it odd that a Christian would be working in this genre? To me, this genre deals more overtly with the supernatural than any other genre, it tackles issues of good and evil more than any other genre, it distinguishes and articulates the essence of good and evil better than any other genre, and my feeling is that a lot of Christians are wary of this genre simply because it’s unpleasant. The genre is not about making you feel good, it is about making you face your fears. And in my experience, that’s something that a lot of Christians don’t want to do.”

Rather than sounding alarm bells over Christian involvement in horror I’d like to see evangelicals calling for more Christian involvement in this arena, along with science fiction and fantasy. It’s been a long dry spell since C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien penned their tales of the fantastic. We need others working in these genres, new “theological-imagineers,” if you will. It would seem especially needful in light of the thinking of scholars like Christopher Partridge who argue that popular culture now serves as a religious “text” for many, and religious and spiritual ideas frequently surface in film, particularly in horror, sci fi, and fantasy, and such pop cultural artifacts are quickly consumed by a growing “occulture” in the Western world.

It’s time for Christians engaging this segment of popular culture to move beyond knee-jerk revulsion and into critical engagement.

Tagged with Thinking Blogger Award

Sometimes I wonder if anyone ever reads this blog, or whether those that do find it helpful. At least someone besides myself! And then I discovered a flattering comment on another blog referencing TheoFantastique.

Apparently the Thinking Blogger Award is being kicked around, and various bloggers have been “tagging” each other with their suggestions as to who this award should go to. As I was catching up on my blogroll I came across a post by Teeming Brain that listed TheoFantastique as worthy of mention in this category. He described this blog as “a veritable gold mine of fascinating material.” My thanks go to Mr. Cardin for thinking so highly of my commentary on this blog.

Lint Hatcher Interview: Wonder, Mystery, and Spookiness

Lint Hatcher was one of the creative forces behind the now defunct (unfortunately) Wonder magazine. He has his own blog, Excuse Me, Ghidorah?, where he writes on topics near and dear to TheoFantastique. He is also the author of a number of great articles, and the book The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Haloween and All Things Spooky. I would describe Lint as a lot like me, an adult around the same age but in many ways a wide-eyed adolescent who refused to grow up while holding on to a strong sense of fantasy and wonder about the world. Lint will be sharing some of this wonder, coupled with his insightful analysis related to popular culture at Cornerstone Festival at the Imaginarium this year. Lint has graciously taken some time to share some of his thoughts with us here.

TheoFantastique: Lint, you discuss this somewhat in your book on Halloween, but what kinds of experiences and influences did you have growing up that helped shape your views on fantasy, science fiction, and horror?

Lint Hatcher: Are you referring to my book, The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky, available for a reasonable price on Amazon.com and fine internet booksellers everywhere? I thought you might.
First and foremost, there was a shelf in our tiny, rural library which I used to haunt as a kid, constantly checking out the same books. In particular, there was the First World Fantasy Awards anthology edited by Gahan Wilson which provided several modern classics of literary horror, plus a retrospective on artist Lee Brown Coye, and an overall celebration of H. P. Lovecraft’s influence on the modern horror tale. Gahan Wilson, in his introduction, focused on the idea of “encroachment” in Lovecraft’s work. The protagonist discovers the normal world has been encroached upon in various subtle (and sometimes not so subtle) ways by some incomprehensible alien intelligence. Creepy little clues gradually built up to a sort of cosmic epiphany that leaves the protagonist either insane or dead. That’s the sort of horror and fantasy I have always enjoyed most: the cosmic horror branch of fantasy lit.
Lee Brown Coye created some extremely creepy art for various Arkham House books and he often would include an odd arrangement of sticks in the design — crisscrossing each other like an anti-symmetrical tik-tak-toe game. You would think it was merely a strange decorative element, except that they seemed more significant than that.
One day, I ran across a book in which Coye explained their inspiration. He was trout fishing in the forests of New York state when he found an old trackless railroad embankment and began to follow it. He was led through a forest and then into a wide pasture filled with scrub growth. As he walked along, he noticed odd arrangements of flat stones on the ground and then, here and there, strange individual lattice works: branches, sticks and boards nailed and wired together in bizarre patterns. There were dozens of the things sticking out of piles of stone or sections of stone wall. One was as large as a child’s treehouse. They seemed to multiply as Coye headed toward an abandoned, partially collapsed farmhouse. The front lawn, the house and the surrounding trees were covered with these indecipherable arrangements of sticks. Then he went in the house and discovered charcoal drawings on the walls: weird abstractions which in some rooms became huge otherworldly murals.
This story, it seems to me, was an obvious influence on The Blair Witch Project; those guys probably read the same First World Fantasy Awards anthology which featured Karl Edward Wagner’s fictionalized retelling of Coye’s little adventure. Anyhow, Coye claims that he followed a series of stone steps down into the cellar of the farmhouse. There he discovered a huge stone slab with grooves cut into the surface and rusty red stains. He was examining this when suddenly a hand shot out of the darkness and grabbed him. Coye managed to disentangle an iron frying pan from his pack and struck out. The hand let go and Coye made a run for it.
As Gahan Wilson put it, “In June 1963 Coye returned to the Mann Brook site and found it obliterated. It is a strange region, as HPL knew.”
My tastes in film fantasy run along a similar vein: Curse of the Demon, Let’s Scare Jessica to Death, The Haunting, The Seven Faces of Dr. Lao and more recently Incident at Loch Ness, Ringu, Ju-on, The Mothman Prophecies. There is a certain part of my brain reserved for “survival horror”. My mom took me to see Dawn of the Dead on the big screen back when I was twelve or so. If you recall, Romero released it without a rating, so my mom saw no reason not to take us! I was transfixed after the first five or ten minutes. Never, ever had I seen a film so devastating. I have been on the alert for a zombie apocalypse ever since. (Yes, my mom allowed us to sit through the entire film!)
TF: I know this might be tough, but if you had to list the five greatest influences, what would they be, and why?
Lint Hatcher: Lovecraft for reasons described above. Bradbury for his lyrical sense of wonder — although I wish he could somehow bring that dandelion wine sensibility into the present world (something like Pan’s Labyrinth, I would imagine). C. S. Lewis for introducing me to two-fisted Christian apologetics and helpng me to integrate the world of imagination with the world of faith. Famous Monsters of Filmland magazine, because it showed me how a subculture could develop around shared enthusiasms and flourish and find its own voice and establish own icons. Flannery O’Connor, for introducing me to the idea of violent, intrusive grace (the redeemed form of encroachment) which saves us despite ourselves in and thru what appear on the outside to be horrific events. And, if I may, I would add Harlan Ellison simply for conveying a sense of “the writing life” — in which his convictions and daily experiences and imagination all blended to produce the confessional style essays he provided as intros to his anthologies.
TF: You mention in your book that some people have the “spooky gene,” and some people don’t. Can you define the “spooky gene” and speculate as Mr. Spock might, as to some reasons why people either have it or they don’t?
Lint Hatcher: The Catholic Church includes in its teachings the concept of “invincible ignorance” and that, I believe, is at work when people reflexively label “spooky” things as “demonic”. It’s not that they have tried to understand, weighed the arguments, and then taken a firm stand. Rather, they shoot first and ask questions later.
Actually, they shoot first and that’s that. No questions at all. It’s as though they are going thru one of those tests in which a two-dimensional cutout appears in a doorway and you have to decide whether to shoot. A cutout of Satan appears. They shoot. A cutout of Boris Karloff appears. They shoot.
They would even argue it was more necessary to shoot Karloff, because that was Satan in a disquise. I once heard a guy in a Christian bookstore argue quite earnestly and without irony that It’s A Wonderful Life is a satanic deception. His reasoning was that the Scriptures say “No man does good. Not one.” and the message of the film is that George Bailey really did a lot of good in his life. This gives people the false confidence that their good works will save them. Prevents them from facing up to their own sinfulness, etc. It’s not that his logic isn’t compelling in a certain slant of light. It’s that most of us have a built-in sensibility that says, “I don’t exactly know why that guy is wrong. But I do know one thing: that way lies madness.” The logic of his position leads to throwing Capra films out the window.
The logic of the anti-Halloween position leads to telling kids they can’t go out dressed up like princesses and vampires and ring the neighbors’ doorbells and get some free candy. Most of us follow that logic along and stop at a certain point: the point where choices begin to seem somehow inhuman. The fanatic presses onward. I probably sound cut and dried about this — as though I just shrug and ignore the anti-Halloween crowd.
Actually, though, I’ve been working on an article that is basically a sincere, convoluted attempt to gain some understanding about this. When you get down to the very core of it, I think you find gnosticism. Gnosticism, I believe, is one of the most basic, primal outlooks a person can embrace. By that, I mean that other outlooks can be traced to deeper influences, those can be traced to still deeper influences, etc. But gnosticism is simply ground zero.
You either accept and enjoy our strange mixture of body and spirit or you reject this and attempt to embrace spirit alone, tossing the body aside as something contemptible. Everything flows out of that decision. And, ironically, it isn’t really a decision in the usual sense of the word. It’s an accumulation of decisions — intuitive decisions — between this course of action which is human and this other course of action which is inhuman.
A person who continually chooses the inhuman — who says for example, “No Christmas tree in my house. It’s pagan.” — feels that he is nobly sacrificing all for his faith, but ends up a brittle, lifeless husk. A person who chooses the human — who says, “I don’t understand this whole thing about paganism. But I do know my kids’ happiness about that Christmas tree is pure and good.” — they tend to be kind, merciful, and to have a sense of humor.
This is a touchy thing, because the Gospel calls us to moral choices which go against the grain of society and which, to the non-Christian, may register as rather inhuman. I’m thinking about dignity of life issues, in particular, in which we have to keep insisting innocent human life should not be aborted and the handicapped should not be systematically eradicated through eugenics. Avoidance of the possibility of suffering is not a trump card that overrules these things.
But that’s how society measures things these days — so we come across like heartless fanatics when we insist the life of the child outweighs potential hardships. Knowing when a stance is humane or inhumane — that’s where the formation of one’s conscience through prayer and Scripture study and attending to the voice of the Church come into play.
But, the thing is, in matters of culture we’re talking about something different. Are there people in culturally Catholic Mexico who do not have the spooky gene? Who feel an immediate, intense rejection of those funky, colorful paper mache skulls? Who refuse to have an ofrenda in their home, because any display of photos and mementos and favorite foods of the departed amounts to necromancy? I really doubt that there are. The anti-spooky outlook has its roots in our largely Protestant culture and Protestantism, in its rejection of things Catholic, may have tossed the baby out with the bath water (as you have noted). At the very least, the Reformation created a climate in which the Catholic sacramental perspective was no longer a given.
I suppose rejection of sacraments as channels of grace went further in some faith communities to include rejection of any symbols, any icons, any ritual whatsoever. This iconoclasm, I would say, is born of gnostic rejection of the bodily aspects of our existence and it isn’t only a Protestant thing; the denunciation and outlawing of icons was a terrible problem in the Byzantine corner of the Church hundreds of years before the Reformation.
I suppose I am saying that a person who grew up in a de-sacramentalized environment will be starved for the deep resonance of symbol, ritual and myth. Some of us found these things in the world of spookiness — especially in the monster resurgence of the Sixties which put icons like Dracula, the Wolfman, and Frankenstein on the TV screen and gave birth to Famous Monsters of Filmland magazine. Universal Studios struck mythic gold when they re-imagined these folktales and gothic horrors through the lens of Jack Pierce, Curt Siodmak, James Whale, Boris and Bela.
When, as kids, we discovered monster fandom, the deep resonance we lacked was suddenly there in the most fluid, natural, energetic way. You felt like saying, “I’m home!” On the other hand, some folks, I think, find that very same resonance sickening. They shove it away, quickly and hard — like they were slamming the trashcan lid over some particularly rancid garbage. And they believe this immediate, powerful conviction is a spiritual thing — it is so deep and sudden and seemingly irreproachable that it must be the Spirit of God grieving over sinful mankind. So they feel quite comfortable denouncing Halloween and all things spooky indescriminately and without offering much of an explanation.
TF: How did you come to be involved with Wonder magazine?
Lint Hatcher: When I became a Christian back in 1984 I tossed everything prior to 1984 out the window. I thought I had to pare everything down to a kind of barebones wartime maneuverability. I utterly believed in the entire supernatural landscape of Christianity (and still do) and assumed, largely because I attended a charismatic church, that life would now consist of one supernatural battle after another. Art didn’t matter, literature didn’t matter (ironically, I was an English major with an Art minor). What mattered was getting the word out to millions of people who, like me prior to 1984, were floating along, going whereever the Zeitgeist led, embracing whatever “intelligent people everywhere” seemed to embrace. So I ended up working for a prison ministry for about $100 a week.
Then, it dawned on me, gradually, that the daily Christian life was not actually “life during wartime”. In fact, the charismatic leaders of my church seemed rather placid and unperturbed — even after rollicking sermons about spiritual warfare and the gifts of the Spirit and such. So, as the “life during wartime” model began to seem inaccurate, I found myself sitting in this mental space: something like a bare, unfurnished apartment. It felt like I was compromising, backsliding, but all I could think to do was to pull boxes out of the closets and reintroduce some of my favorite cultural pursuits like comic books, monster movies, fantasy fiction, etc. I didn’t know how to integrate these things, though. If it didn’t say “Jesus” on it, I didn’t know where to put it.
So I tried to integrate it while keeping my current Christian concerns in the driver’s seat. I set out to create a magazine that would witness to geeks like myself. When I tried to get a local comic book shop to carry the zine, the owner kindly pointed out to me that although there was a rocketship on the cover, along with other fantasy icons, there was nothing but Jesus articles on the inside. I was shocked to discover he was totally right. So I went out to my car and had no idea what to do. But gradually it came to me that it might be possible to put my love of fantasy in the driver’s seat and let the chips fall where they may.
My friend Rod Bennett joined the magazine at this point and was a great help, as were the writings of C. S. Lewis and Francis Schaeffer. Basically, I was treating culture as something that interfered with faith, as though paying attention to cultural questions was not important so long as there was evangelizing to be done. The fact is, culture is pretty much inescapable. It’s the given assortment of references and symbols that we must use to communicate.
I threw away issue #2 I had been working on and we proceeded with a fantasy-oriented pop culture magazine that took our Christian perspective for granted. Basically, we sort of asked ourselves, “What would it be like if C. S. Lewis reviewed Terminator 2?” Or “What would it be like if Dorothy Sayers was a big fan of Ray Harryhausen movies and wanted to write a tribute/retrospective?” Or “What if J. R. R. Tolkein just loved going to the drive-in to see Godzilla imports?”
For some readers, it was a real revelation. They had seen no connection between their beloved pop cultural pursuits and this oblique world of religious obligations that hovered at the edge of their awareness. But, as it turns out, Universal Studios monster films, for example, are crammed to the gills (pun intended) with universal themes (again, pun intended) regarding sin and redemption, truth and deception.
As Lugosi’s Dracula once intoned, “There are things worse than death.” Discussing the religious and philosophical underpinnings of the pop culture didn’t have to be a dry academic exercise or an awkward insertion of religious themes where they did not belong, but was an exploration of why these things resonated with us in the first place. Cushing’s Van Helsing comes to mind, as well as that remarkable movie, Curse of the Demon. But those are just obvious instances of Christian themes.
The very idea that our actions have significance, that we live in a universe filled with meaning is a Christian theme that runs through all the supernatural thriller. The very moment you establish the supernatural in a horror film you remove the possibility of meaningless absurd actions. Everything is seen under the aspect of heaven or hell. So religious themes are unavoidable and they breathe life into the things we love.
It’s just that some people associate religion with ignorance, repression and boredom. The sense of wonder these films and books inspire in them doesn’t match up in their mind with “religion”. So some folks thought we were mixing oil and water. We pointed out that a Christian perspective on fantasy was hardly something new and artificial, referring them to Spencer’s The Fairie Queen and, of course, Mary Wolstonecraft Shelley’s Frankenstein. Horror minus a religious outlook was the aberration, a modern exception to the rule.
TF: What were some of the topics and articles that you wrote which were near and dear to your heart?
Lint Hatcher: Frankly, and mostly thanks to Rod, we put out some of the best writing you could find in that odd little cultural ghetto called “monster magazines.” Rod has an uncanny ability both to remember all the various details and trivia fans love to hash out and to somehow integrate all this within a sort of wistful rumination on themes and cultural undercurrents.
We began to refer to this as giving something “the Wonder treatment”. My favorite is Monster Fan 2000, a lengthy, utterly sincere tribute to classic horrors as compared to modern horror since the late Sixties. We had mostly focused on introducing people to sources of wonder up to this point, so Rod was particularly dubious when I mentioned I wanted to do an article on modern horror. “So,” he would say, “we’re gonna get to hear Lint Hatcher’s perspective on The Wonder of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre.” But I assured him I knew what I was doing and once he read the first draft he was enthusiastic about adding his own thoughts as well.

I also like our Wonder History of Miniature Golf and our review of the Dinosaur Land roadside attraction. Also, the mega review of Mystery Science Theater 3000 was fun, since there was quite a controversy among the Wonder staff as to the merits and demerits of the show. I got a call from Joel Hodgson a couple of months after the issue came out and would loved to have interviewed him — he said he understood what we were trying to do and sounded pretty positive about it — but the magazine had bit the dust by then.

TF: In your book you not only talk about the great joy have experience in the celebration of Halloween, but the book is devoted to defending a Christian’s participation in it as if there were a conflict with the faith. Why do you think some conservative Christians see this as a problematic holiday?

Lint Hatcher: Like I said above, I think it ultimately comes down to gnosticism versus sacramentalism. I know I am using “sacramentalism” very loosely to mean “acceptance of the role of symbol and ritual as bodily expressions of faith since we are physical creatures and truly need such things.” It may be better to say “incarnational.” I haven’t worked that out yet.

There is, of course, also the kneejerk assumption that spookiness and occultism are one and the same thing. They are not. There is a spooky aesthetic which is built into the Creation. Nighttime is mysterious. Goofy, strange night creatures like bats and frogs and cats have a very different vibe than collies and bunnies and flamingos. I can’t imagine that vibe is only a result of the fall of mankind. Night existed prior to the fall. Are we going to say that bats, frogs and black cats had a flamingo vibe going prior to our fall from grace?

I understand a terrible transformation took place throughout the entire chain of being; the natural world became a mixture of thorns and thistles, tooth and claw. Death entered the picture and became associated with the night. However, before I agree that the spooky aesthetic has something to do with death and spirits separated from their bodies by death, I think it is necessary to insist that mystery existed before all this. Night was connected to mystery before it was connected with death. The night sky full of stars and a glowing moon was not, even prior to the fall, the same thing as a blue sky full of clouds and sunshine. The strange romantic appeal of nighttime is eternal. As they say, “Black is always in style.”

That said, death did enter the picture — along with ghoulies and goblins and long-legged beasties. Skulls seemed to grin. Graveyards became evocative in ways quite different from a plowed field or the gate to the city. But not all of this was negative. Death was horrific, but, at the same time, it could be noble, even beautiful. It’s an odd concept, but we see it every single year when Autumn comes round. This is arguably the most beautiful season and yet its beauty spreads across the land precisely because winter is coming and nature, in a sense, is dying. Anyone who fails to see the poetry in Autumn has taken the inhuman route and will have no problem telling some little kid that he shouldn’t dress up as Frankenstein because Frankenstein is made up of corpse parts all sewn together. If the kid says, “What about Frankenberry and Count Chocula?,” it won’t make any difference.

Now, occultism is also plainly tied into mystery. And so occultists also have an affinity for that spooky aesthetic. But it does not follow, therefore, that occultism is the origin and driving factor of the spooky aesthetic. If that were true, then little pink pigs would appear spooky if only they were included in some sort of occult practice. Anything associated with occultism would naturally become spooky, right? And so, eventually, our Halloween decorations would include the black cat, the furry spider, and the spectral pink pig. The fact is, the spooky aesthetic predates occultism and has to do with mystery. The occultist, therefore, rather enjoys black cats, crows, and purple drapery. But he probably also enjoys the atmosphere in the big cathedral downtown — with its great silences, its candles, its Gothic proportions — even if he has no intention of staying for mass.

TF: Last year’s Imaginarium at the Cornerstone Festival generated a lot of controversy on the blogosphere and Internet due to the engagement with cultures and their festivals associated with death. Were you surprised by this negative reaction?

Lint Hatcher: Yes.

TF: What did you learn as a result of the controversy? Have you had a chance to do any further reflecting and writing on this?

Lint Hatcher: Well, what I mentioned above about gnosticism and symbol and ritual has been on my mind.

I have also been reading Michael Polanyi and his theories about tacit knowledge. He was a renowned German chemist who fled to England when the Nazis came into power. What he witnessed prior to his escape, however, was many of his colleagues signing up with the Nazi agenda. These were people who had always displayed great professionalism and a strong sense of ethical responsibility. So he was thunderstruck and found himself in the difficult position of verbalizing his shock in order to argue with them.

In effect, he switched from chemistry to philosophy in an effort to understand how such things can happen. He came to very Schaefferian conclusions — basically, that ideas are very powerful and none are more powerful than presuppositions.

The great “given” of his time (and our own, I suppose) was scientism or rationalism: the belief that knowledge gathered through scientific methods is the only valid, trustworthy form of knowledge. Anything that did not fit this criterion belonged to the world of superstition, religion, intuition, and so on, and was not worth the time of day. Polanyi became convinced this was a fatal error. Knowledge depends also on the tacit dimension, that is, the information which comes to us in ways that cannot be codified.

He points to the example of a man driving a nail with a hammer. The tacit cooperation of many different factors is necessary to accomplish the goal — from various muscles to eye contact to measurement of force to the setting aside of extraneous sounds and other distractions. All of this must work together in one smooth effort.

If the man focuses on any one of these contributing factors exclusively then the whole thing falls apart. If he focuses on the hammer, or his elbow, or his thumb and forefinger holding the nail, he is liable to whack his thumb. Polanyi calls the integration of these factors “indwelling” — our awareness of individual factors moves into the background and the overall purpose and meaning of what we are doing becomes the focus. Polanyi calls the object of this focus the “comprehensive entity”. The recognition of the comprehensive entity is true knowledge.

This isn’t New Age stuff, but rather commonplace. When we listen to someone talk, we automatically integrate a series of sounds, facial expressions, and hand gestures into a meaningful whole. If you sat there and mapped out each little sound apart from its role as a syllable in a word, the meaning disappears. Polanyi claims that this — the disappearance of meaning — is what happens when we insist scientific method is the only reliable source of knowledge. We focus on one aspect of knowledge gathering and, as a result, the comprehensive entity escapes us.

The comprehensive entity always has to do with meaning, so to miss the comprehensive entity is to see a world without meaning, to see human beings as objects to be studied and manipulated through scientific methodology, and so on. In still other words, it leads to an inhuman perspective.

I am wondering if this can be applied to what I regard as the “inhuman” in fanaticism. My experience is with Christian fundamentalism, but I am not saying fundamentalists are inhuman! God forbid. Rather their gnostic, anti-sacramental convictions send them down a series of logical next steps which seem to my mind increasingly inhuman. The result is a systematic demonizing of natural cultural expressions. The use of symbol and ritual is simply, basically human. Is it pagan? Well, to the extent that pagans are human, I suppose so. But it does not follow that all use of symbol and ritual is pagan.

At any rate, I am wondering whether the Christian fundamentalist has fastened on particular ingredients in religious knowledge to the exclusion of other parts — with the result that the “comprehensive entity” escapes them. They didn’t “get” what we were doing at the Imaginarium in 2006. Instead, they focused on isolated moments of what they perceived as heresy. They took things out of context precisely because they didn’t “get” the context. So you have people freaking out that one speaker mentioned a few Catholic saints are supposed to have flown miraculously. He used the word “levitation” and the Fundies associated this with occultism. But the plain sense of the thing is that he was talking about flying. Feet leaving the ground. I just don’t see the Enemy saying, “Only I can cause that flying miracle thing. So every instance of flying is demonic, regardless of the apparent holiness of the Aloftee.”

Anyhow, is there some aspect of Christian belief or knowledge on which the Fundies have fastened to the exclusion of the other parts of the whole, so that the comprehensive entity is lost while they remain quite sure of the rightness of their cause? It sounds like an invitation for theological liberals to look down on “those poor misguided literalists,” but that is not what I mean. The isolated focal points may be essential. Biblical inerrancy, the divinity of Christ, the reality of original sin, the historicity of the miracles of Christ are all very important. Scientific method is important. But there is a Big Picture we miss when we emphasize one to the exclusion of the others.

I think that’s my next book. Although, it sounds a little too pat the way I expressed it above.

TF: One of my ideas is that Protestantism has a poor track record on average in positive interaction with pop culture, and this resultes in the creation of a void in the healthy balance in bringing the faith into interaction with
imagination. Would you agree with this assessment, and if so, why do you think this is?
Lint Hatcher: The fear of symbol and ritual has left Evangelicalism susceptible to a kind of unreflective, tasteless absorption of secular symbols. And rituals, I suppose. So we see mega-churches exuding a vibe that seems awfully similar to the Target down the street.

I suppose, in a way, it’s unavoidable. If you don’t have your own rich culture of symbols, you have to make do with what’s available. But secular culture is all about the marketplace and a kind of commodified version of reality that presents everything with a slick, shopper friendly gloss. It’s designed to de-emphasize challenging content — anything that might interrupt the shopper’s thrill of discovery and immediate identification with the sort of fulfilled lifestyle the item seems to promise.

Adapting this sort of milieu to Evangelical culture is downright creepy. It’s Christian Consumer Kitsch. And, the thing is, you don’t have to go that direction. Genuine Christian culture exists. It is rich and authentic and beautiful and resonant and, at times, rather spooky and, at times, rather demanding. If we can get past the important role played by “dead white males” and rediscover the glories of Christendom — while at the same time offering a mea culpa with Pope John Paul II for the sins of Christendom — we might see the birth in Protestantism of the sort of natural folk culture that permeates life in predominantly Catholic countries like Mexico.

That, I believe, is the natural flow of cultural life from “the deposit of the faith”. I believe, also, that it would resonate with a natural immediacy in many Protestant hearts — exactly as the Famous Monsters subculture resonated with us. Effortless, fluid, delighted interaction with the symbols. For some of us, though, the opportunity to see the symbols of Christian tradition with new eyes has passed. Often, when I look at the statues, the crucifix, the stained glass windows in our beautiful parish church I know for a fact that as a kid I would immediately have identified with these things and felt that resonant note of “I’m home!” It would have been a delightful, enthusiastic loyalty sort of thing. As a former Evangelical who is in many ways still an Evangelical, however, it is difficult to participate. There is a constant veneer of self-awareness. Except when Halloween and Christmas roll around!

TF: The Sci Fi Channel ran a program that noted the strong influence of aspects of sci fi, horror, and fantasy on the lives of young adolescent boys from the 1950s through the 1970s. I was caught up on this and its influence is still felt today (obviously), and I know you were too. Any thoughts as to why this might be? What did so many find appealing and what might this say to the needs of the present generation for fantasy and wonder?

Lint Hatcher: Like I said, those symbols effortlessly and fluidly came to life in our monster fan hearts and minds. I think the same feeling of delight and participation happens for some people when they see a Gothic cathedral or a cheap little milagro trinket or a Sacred Heart painting. The monster culture of the Sixties and Seventies played that role for us — it filled the gaping hole created by gnostic iconoclasm. Having said that, however, I don’t have to proceed to dump the monster stuff. Or, God forbid, over-intellectualize it. I might as well enjoy the monsteriffic films and books which actually bring the Permanent Things to life for me. And pray for the day when the religious equivalent — the goofy, folksy spookiness of Dia de los Muertos, for example — is a natural part of how Protestants (and Catholic Evangelicals like myself) express their faith. Instead of, say, t-shirts that say “got God?” or “This Blood’s for you.”

TF: Lint, thanks so much for sharing your thoughts. I’m looking forward to your presentations this year at Cornerstone, and your writing in the future.

The Body and Horror

With my graduate studies drawing to a close I have finally had some time to expand my reading list, and one of the areas I have been exploring is religion and film, primarily as it relates to horror, science fiction, and fantasy. As part of my reading I have a stack of articles from The Journal of Religion and Film, one of them by Bryan Stone of Boston University School of Theology, an article titled “The Sanctification of Fear: Images of the Religious in Horror Films.” I will be posting later this month on the topic of Christian sensibilities and horror as part of a “synchroblog” effort with fellow bloggers and will draw upon this article again at that time, but one aspect was interesting and worth commenting on now. In the article Stone comments on various types of horror, and one facet is “body horror,” which obviously refers to the body and how it is treated as a major facet of films in this category. Writing on the shift from Gothic horror with its connections to a Judeo-Christian vision, Stone writes,

“In America, in the twentieth century, however, death changed hands. The symbols, the myths, and, indeed, the institutions that guided us in coping with and understanding death were transformed before our eyes. Death, once the special province of religion, now became the province of science, and especially medicine. As Bradley says, ‘once intimately connected with the life of the community, death became separated from life by medical technology, which confined it to the hospital and the funeral home.’ Horror in the last century parallels this repression and eroticisation of, and inevitable fascination with death.”

As I reflected on this I wondered if this might be a partial reason why many Christians recoil from horror as a legitimate genre for engagement, let alone enjoyment. I’ll post some thoughts on this later this month as a specific topic so I don’t want to touch on it now. But what I would like to comment on is how the aspects reflected in the quotation from Stone relate to Christianity in the West. I recall during my historical and cross-cultural research on the history of Halloween celebrations how one writer noted that “Americans have a difficult time looking death in the eye,” and I believe this may the case with many American and Western Christians as well. It seems to me as if Roman Catholic celebrations such as All Saints and All Souls Day, as well as the Mexican cultural celebration of Dia de los Muertos, the Mexican Day of the Dead, represent far more healthy ways in which to acknowledge mortality and death, and yet many Protestants bristle at both of these as somehow inappropriate and off limits (as the blog controversy over my presentations at Imaginarium at last year’s Cornerstone Festival indicate). It seems curious to me that the faith that has the Resurrection as its center piece would have such difficulties at addressing death through community and ritual.

But I wonder if another dynamic might be at work here. After all, “body horror” refers to more than just death as the end result of the body experiencing natural processes. It also involves everything associated with the body prior to death, including many things that make people uncomfortable. My research into what might be called “a theology of the body” as connected to my Burning Man, Neo-Paganism, and even Mormon studies reveals very different attitudes in Christianity to the body than among other alternative spiritual communities. Is it possible that one of the reasons why some Christians have a distaste for horror is due to theological assumptions and attitudes about the body? If this is the case, might there be something to learn in theological reflection by considering the perspectives of alternative spiritualities and their views in this area? How might horror provide a means whereby we can engage such issues?

Planet of the Apes and Social Dynamics

I am preparing for a “Faith and Film” course I will be co-teaching for Salt Lake Theological Seminary this summer, and one of the films I will be using is The Planet of the Apes (1968). I am reviewing various materials connected with it, and one of the resources I looked at again recently was the two-disc collector’s edition which has special features including various commentary by those associated with the film. I was intrigued by one of the comments made by Charleton Heston as he recalled how the actors would behave between takes and during lunch while their makeup was still in place. He recalls that those playing chimpanzees would gather together, as would the orangutans and gorillas. Heston concludes his remarks by saying something to the effect that “I don’t know why that happened, but it did.”

This is not an earth shatteirng post topic, but I find it interesting that human beings are such social creatures that even when playing roles for a motion picture they tend to group together according to social strata, even while drawing upon artificial superficial characteristics such as movie makeup. There are many facets of this movie that tell us more about who we are as human beings than we’d like to admit.

Imaginarium 2007 Pop Culture Analysis

My friends at Cornerstone Festival have put together another great fest program for this year. While I will be speaking in the cstoneXchange venue, I will not only be speaking and listening to other great presentations there, but also dividing my time in the Imaginarium venue. A great collection of speakers have been pulled together, as well as a nice group of films. Just a few of the seminars I am especially looking forward to include one on Japanes popular culture, fear of the social other as articulated in 1950s science fiction films, and a discussion of Romero’s zombie films.

Whether you have been to Cornerstone in previous years, or if you have never been, I highly recommend this event as a “must” for those interested in “out of the box” cultural and theological reflection. I hope to see you there.

(Reader’s note: I am near completion of my graduate studies and thesis and this will mean that I will have more time to devote to other projects, including posting of items relevant to this blog. For the few readers I have this will mean the posting of more content with greater frequency.)

Halloween in April: Rocky Point Haunted House Finale

Growing up in northern California I had a difficult time finding events and attractions associated with the Halloween holiday. Things were especially difficult in my home town of Stockton, but they got a little better when I moved to the Sacramento area as I entered military service and was stationed at Mather Air Force Base. Years later I decided to relocate to Utah for two years of seminary studies, and in the back of my mind I thought what little ability I had to enjoy Halloween and all things spooky would disappear like so much ectoplasm. After all, I thought, Utah is largely Mormon, and as such it is a very conservative culture. There’s now way that Halloween will be enjoyed in that state. Or so I thought.

To my great surprise I discovered that the second most popular holiday in Utah is Halloween! The state is filled with haunted hay rides, pumpkin patches, and a plethora of haunted houses. One of the greatest is Rocky Point Haunted House (www.rockypointhauntedhouse.com). This is, by far, the most amazing haunted house experience ever. Rocky Point has been in existence for 26 years and is under the ownership of Cydney Neil. Neil, and Rocky Point, have become icons in the haunted attraction business, having been featured in HauntWorld magazine as well as Fright Times and Haunted Attraction. (For more information on Rocky Point, its history, and Neil’s creative leadership in the haunt business see www.rockypointhauntedhouse.com/final_fear.html.) I was unable to visit the event last year, and shortly thereafter I heard the news that Rocky Point was closing down. However, they were doing to final performances over a weekend in March and one in April. Last night it was my privilege to be part of the last evening’s performance for this fine show. My family and I thoroughly enjoyed it, and I’m still working off the adrenalin rush.

For those interested in picking up a piece of Rocky Point, whether for historical or nostalgic reasons, or to add to your prop collection as part of the haunt business yourself, a public auction will be held Saturday, April 28. A catalog of items is available here: http://www.nortonauctioneers.com/Auctions/Rocky%20Point/Rocky%20Point.pdf.

It was great to have a chance to experience the childhood thrills of Halloween in April. The downside is that now I have to find a haunted house alternative in October. Perhaps Nightmare on 13th. If only I had the disposable income to invest in my own business like this.

But in addition to my sheer enjoyment of such things, I return to an issue I raised at the beginning of this post. Why is Halloween and related events and activities so popular in a state with a large Mormon population? I don’t think you’d find something similar in the Bible Belt. This seems like a great research project in the sociology of religion.

1960s Counterculture, Dark Shadows, and New Mythologies

I have been reading a number of book on the historical and cultural context of the 1960s counter-culture in American, and one of the books I have found helpful and relevant to this blog’s context is Robert Ellwood’s The 60s Spiritual Awakening: American Religion Moving from Modern to Postmodern (Rutgers University Press, 1994). Ellwood includes a number of illustrations in the text that he refers to as “counterpoints.” Two of them caught my attention as they relate to popular culture.

The first is titled “Dark Shadows and People in the Shadows.” It refers to the television series Dark Shadows that ran on daytime television from 1966-1971 and which involved a fictional family known as the Collinses and which included active involvement with the supernatural. Ellwood writes that this clan was “involved in everything that made up the Sixties spiritual counterculture,” including astrology, time-travel, and the appropriation of Gothic horror themes. Ellwood attributes the shows success, in part, to “its enactment of archetypal images,” and that the show “reflected a widespread worldview emerging in reaction against the rationalism” of the establishment culture in a shift toward “magical mystery theater.” Ellwood places this within a cultural milieu of “postmodern neoromantic subjectivism.”

A little later in the book Ellwood includes another “counterpoint,” and one titled “New Mythologies, Easy Rides in Space and Time.” This piece looks at the religious or spiritual significance of science fiction and fantasy in the late 1960s and quotes Michel Butor to the effect that “science fiction is ‘the normal form of mythology of our time.'” Ellwood discusses “the creation of new mythologies from the fabrics of science fiction and fantasy,” and he notes the “time of shifting religious imagination” of the Sixties “may yet turn out to be among the most far-reaching developments of the decade.”

I find all of this discussion, and its cultural context of the 1960s counter-culture, of great interest as it connects with a previous post of mine on the Sci Fi Boys program where I raised the question as to what cultural and social forces might be at play in the large numbers of young males in the late 1950s through the 1970s who connected deeply with science fiction, fantasy, and horror. Along with Ellwood, I’d suggest that the religious milieu of this location and time period was formative and significant in terms of the significance of these genres as the containers for the creation of new myths and the expressions of archetypal images.

The Birds as Precursor to Nature Apocalypticism?

I am have been so busy with my graduate studies at seminary as the semester winds down and my writing projects need to be completed that I have not been able to devote nearly the attention to posting comments here on this blog. I’d like my posts to be substantial and academically sound, but in the interests of getting new content here I submit the following.

A couple of weeks ago my wife found a copy of Hitchcock’s The Birds at the library and she checked it out for me. We watched it later that day, and later I then watched the bonus materials that went behind the scenes. I was struck by two things. First, there is a shot in the film that comes toward the end after the birds have engaged in a city-wide attack against Bodega Bay. It is a wide angle shot from the air of the city and the birds, and one which many might describe as the proverbial “bird’s eye view.” However, Hitchcock said that this was an incorrect description, and he called it God’s view of the situation. I found this interesting especially if it is connected with the earlier discussion in the town’s restaurant and bar over why the birds (or if the birds) might be attacking. One gentleman in the discussion is an inebriated fellow who throws in the occasional remark that the attacks represent the end of the world and divine judgment, which he connects with a biblical reference.

As I watched the film I also noted that it came out in 1963, and while we had seen nature run amok films in the 1950s, these seem to be qualitatively different in that in the 1950s nature was usually influenced by the scientific and natural abuses of humanity or outside influences from outer space, and these films did not represent nature uniting against humanity.

As I watched the film with these two thoughts I wondered whether the film might be viewed apocalyptically in terms of at least a secular apocalypse via a revolt of nature, and secondly, whether this film might have provided the foundation for some of the nature horror films of the 1970s such as The Day of the Animals (1977). This may not be far-fetched in that some commentators trace the shift in horror from the more religiously-oriented Gothic to more of a nihilistic horror through Hitchcock’s Psycho (or some trace it to Romero’s Night of the Living Dead, although writers like Kim Paffenroth would challenge that Romero is necessarily nihilistic). Might Hitchcock have been influential in another area of cinematic horror?

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